Why Are Many Families Limiting Themselves to One Child?

In England and Wales, the average number of children per woman reached 1.41 in 2024, marking a record low. Meanwhile, 44% of families are raising only one child. This trend has become particularly noticeable over the past decade, reports the BBC.

Researchers highlight the phenomenon known as the “fertility gap”: people want three children, but often only have two. The main reasons include delayed childbirth, women’s focus on education and careers, changing gender roles, and economic challenges.

Psychologists point out the advantages of raising a single child. More parental time, attention, and financial resources are devoted to one child (resource dilution theory), which positively affects their education and academic achievements. Studies show that only children perform better in school and develop higher social confidence.

Declining birth rates also impact schools and public services: in England, the number of students has dropped by 150,000 since 2019 and could fall by another 400,000 by 2030, creating financial shortfalls.

Countries around the world are offering various programs to encourage higher birth rates. In the U.S., Donald Trump has supported the idea of a $5,000 “baby bonus” per child. In Poland, families with two or more children are exempt from income tax, while in Hungary, mothers receive tax breaks.

Nevertheless, the decision on how many children to have remains a personal choice for each family.